Professional Engineer : Power

1. 개별기관의 입찰정보 사이트

 가. 대외경제협력기금 입찰공고 : EDCF

 나. 한국국제협력단(KOICA) 조달(입찰) 정보

 다. ADB : https://www.adb.org/projects

2. 종합입찰정보 제공(국내)

 가. 해외건설협회 해외건설종합정보 서비스

 나. 한국수출입은행 해외우너조사업 입찰정보

 다. 중소기업 수출지원센터 국제기구 조달시장 정보

3. 종합입찰정보 제공(해외)

 가. ONBID

 나. dgMarket

 다. Global Tenders : https://www.globaltenders.com/

1. Question

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is better to use printed materials such as books and articles to do research than it is to use the Internet. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

2. Sampel Answer

It is critically important that students use the best available resources when they do research. In my opinion, it is far better to use printed materials than online sources. I feel this way for two reasons, which I will explore in the following essay.

To begin with, printed materials such as books and articles are more reliable than websites. This is because websites can be edited by anyone in the world, regardless of whether or not they are qualified academics. As a result of this, even articles in popular online encyclopedias often contain incorrect and biased information. My own experience demonstrates the danger of relying too heavily on online sources of information. Two semesters ago, I was assigned a research paper in a freshman history class. I cited data that I found on Wikipedia which later turned out to be completely incorrect. This data was so hopelessly wrong that my professor spotted it immediately, causing me to fail the assignment and receive a fairly low grade in the class at the end of the semester. If I had taken the time to compare what I had read online to a book or a scholarly article(학술기사) I would not have included it, and would not have received such a terrible score in the class.

Secondly, books are superior to online articles because they cover topics in much detail. Textbooks are significantly longer than online articles, so they are more useful to students. Students who use them when doing projects can also look at the detailed indexes which they include to focus on very specific topics. For example, when I wrote an essay last semester in a history class, the very first book that I consulted contained a long description of the both the underlying causes and long-term effects of the historical event I was writing about. In contrast, most of the online articles that I consulted contained little more than superficial facts and dates. I based my research on the book rather than these articles, so I was able to write a very insightful essay.

In conclusion, I strongly believe that printed information is more useful than online resources. This is because books and printed journals are less likely to be biased or contain errors, and because books provide a superior level of detail. (383 words)

(CNN)Less than a month ago, India's future looked dire.

Experts predicted that the country could expect millions of coronavirus cases. Doctors warned that India needed to prepare for an on slaught of cases that could cripple the country's ill-equipped health system. Onlookers(구경꾼) worried that the virus could spread like wildfire through India's slums, where residents live in cramped quarters and basic sanitation often isn't available.

But so far, the world's second-most populous country appears to have avoided the worst.

As of Tuesday, India had reported 31,360 coronavirus cases and 1,008 deaths, or about 0.76 deaths per million. Compare that to the United States, where the number of deaths per million is more than 175.

Some experts say that India's relatively positive numbers suggest the country's nationwide lockdown to halt the spread of Covid-19 could be working -- for now.

Read More

"India didn't wait for the problem to escalate," India's Prime Minister Narendra Modi said on April 14, as he extended the country's 21-day nationwide lockdown until May 3. "Instead, as soon as the problem appeared, we tried to stop it by making swift decisions. I can't imagine what the situation would have been had such quick decisions not been taken."

But the reality behind India's numbers is more complicated -- and experts caution that it is too early for India to congratulate itself.

"At least in this round, it appears that the virus has not been able to damage as much as been feared," Srinath Reddy, the president of the Public Health Foundation of India, a non-profit that works on training, research and policy development. "I don't think we can say that we have completely closed the book on this."

How swift were Modi's decisions?

On March 24, Modi announced that the country was going into a three-week lockdown.

The scale of it was unprecedented. India has a population of 1.3 billion, and the only country with a bigger population -- China -- had imposed city-wide lockdowns, but never a nationwide one.

It was a high-stakes decision. Going into lockdown meant millions of daily-wage workers would be deprived of an income. But not imposing a lockdown risked overwhelming India's health care system. One model estimated that without social distancing measures, about 150 million people in India would be infected by June. On Friday, India's top pandemic official said that the country would have had more than 100,000 cases by now if it weren't for the lockdown.

India moved into lockdown relatively quickly -- it was announced when the country had reported 519 coronavirus cases.

By comparison, Italy waited until it had more than 9,200 coronavirus cases before it went into a nationwide lockdown, while the United Kingdom had about 6,700.

Ramanan Laxminarayan, the director of the Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy, a non-profit research organization with offices in Washington, D.C. and New Delhi, said the decision to impose a lockdown promptly, even when case numbers was low, had likely reduced contact rates significantly.

Following the lockdown, thousands of migrant workers attempted to leave India's major cities after the restrictions left them without jobs. That prompted fears that the migrants could spread the virus, with some officials in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh even spraying returning workers with disinfectant -- an ineffective approach to controlling coronavirus.

Around a week after the lockdown began, two people had died from coronavirus in Mumbai's densely packed slums. Following the second death, several of the man's family members had been tested and placed under home quarantine, and the block of 300 homes and 90 shops that make up his neighborhood have been sealed off.

By the time the lockdown was imposed, India had already taken other measures.

On March 11, India suspended all tourist visas, and announced that all travelers who had been in the most-affected areas of the world in the past few weeks would be quarantined for at least 14 days. From March 22, all international commercial flights were banned from landing in India and all passenger train services in the country were suspended.

The United States, by comparison, has restricted foreigners traveling from China, Iran, and certain European countries, but there is no blanket ban on foreigners entering the country.

What if the numbers aren't right?

As with every country, our understanding of the outbreak is only as good as the numbers we have available. And that depends on testing.

According to India's Health Ministry, the country has conducted more than 625,000 tests as of Sunday -- more than South Korea, which has been praised for its approach to testing.

When public health experts are assessing how aggressively a country is testing, they don't look at the total numbers alone -- instead, they often look at the country's test positivity rate. If a large proportion of the tests are coming back positive, that suggests that only the most serious cases -- such as those in hospital -- are being tested.

According to Mike Ryan, the executive director of the WHO's Health Emergencies Programs, a good benchmark is to have at least 10 negative cases for every positive one.

Around 4% of India's tests are positive, according to data from India's Health Ministry -- well below that benchmark. It's also a significantly lower rate than the US, where the rate is about 17%, according to data from Johns Hopkins University (JHU). It's also lower than the UK, where the rate is around 21%, based on government data.

Another useful measure is the proportion of cases that are fatal. In India, about 3% of cases have died, compared with more than 13% in Italy, the UK and France, according to JHU. That suggests that India is testing people besides those with the most serious symptoms.

But India's testing rate is extremely low per capita. Only about 48 out of every 100,000 people have been tested, compared with around 1,175 in South Korea and 1,740 in the US.

Samir Saran, the president of the Observer Research Foundation, says India has ramped up its testing capabilities dramatically -- but he's still not happy with the numbers. While other experts say that widespread community testing would be impractical and a waste of resources, Saran says that's something India needs to look at, given it has large swathes of the population who travel between regions for work.

While India may not be testing enough, Reddy says, doctors are probably catching most of the moderate and serious cases. If there was a huge surge in Covid-19 cases that weren't being caught by testing, then hospitals would be crowded with cases and there would be a spike in influenza-like symptoms in the community, he said.

For now, there's no indication of either. However, there is a growing body of evidence that Covid-10 causes symptoms far beyond influenza-like symptoms.

Could more people be dying than we know?

Even when India isn't facing a pandemic, only about 22% of all registered deaths are medically certified. That means that, in the majority of deaths, the official cause of death has not been certified by a doctor.

And there's already evidence that some deaths may be flying under the radar. A resident doctor at one of the main government hospitals in Mumbai said last week that when dead bodies were brought into the hospital, they didn't test them for coronavirus, even if they suspected that was how patients died.

"If the personal history shows that the person came in contact with someone who tested positive for the virus, we dispose of the body in the same way that we would for Covid-positive patients," said the doctor, who asked not to be named as they were not authorized to speak to media.

But, experts say, at this stage, it doesn't look like there is a huge flood of coronavirus deaths.

"Even if we are not testing enough and are not discovering enough, there are not enough bodies being piled up in hospitals or in ICUs or in mortuaries ... to suggest we are in the midst of something really dramatic at this stage," said Saran.

Even so, the true count of Covid-19 deaths will only come much later, when we are able to compare statistics from this year with past years, said CCDEP's Laxminarayan.

When did coronavirus take hold?

India's swift policy measures only tell part of the story. Even before India's lockdown, coronavirus was present in the country, the country had reported some coronavirus cases, but not many.

On January 30, India reported its first case -- a student who had been studying at Wuhan University in China.

It was around the same time that the UK, France, and Italy also reported their first cases, although their coronavirus outbreaks followed dramatically different trajectories. All three countries now have well over 100,000 coronavirus cases.

Experts still aren't sure why the virus would have shown a different pattern of spread in India.

One possible reason, said Reddy, is that coronavirus may thrive in colder conditions, meaning that it might not spread so efficiently in India, where temperatures are often more than 30 degrees Celsius (96.8 degrees Farenheit).

But scientific evidence so far contradicts this idea. The World Health Organization says the evidence so far shows the virus can be transmitted in all areas, including those with hot and humid weather. The US's National Academy of Sciences committee said the data is mixed on whether coronavirus spreads as easily in warm weather as it does in cold weather.

Another possibility, Reddy said, is that India's population may be less susceptible due to the country's policy of universal Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination. BCG -- which was developed to fight tuberculosis -- is being studied in clinical trials around the world as a possible way to fight the novel coronavirus.

However, the WHO notes that there is no evidence that the BCG vaccine protects people against infection from coronavirus, and the WHO does not recommend the vaccine as a prevention against Covid-19.

But for now, more evidence is needed. "We do not know what is the factor that has helped us," Reddy said.

Will a 40-day lockdown be enough?

Even if India's outbreak is currently comparatively small, it's not yet time for celebration.

There's a huge diversity of opinion about what will happen when India lifts its lockdown on May 3 -- whether cases will then skyrocket, or if the lockdown will have succeeded in restraining numbers.

"A surge is going to happen ... as soon as we go back from the nationwide lockdown. That is my hunch," said Oommen Kurian, a senior fellow at the Observer Research Foundation. "India has successfully hit a pause button. But the problem now is we cannot be on pause forever."

The determining factor will likely be what restrictions are still in place when the lockdown lifts. As Reddy put it: "It's not as though tomorrow we declare victory and then we get back to normal."

Experts say that social distancing will need to be maintained, although some states with fewer cases may be able to ease restrictions. Uttar Pradesh -- India's most populous state with 200 million residents -- has extended a ban on public gatherings until the end of June.

Laxminarayan warned that if social distancing and hygiene measures "are not taken seriously, we will have a serious issue that the health system is not equipped to handle."

One thing that won't work in India is an age-specific lockdown, where elderly stay inside and the young are allowed to go back to work. Around the world, the elderly have been at a higher risk of dying from coronavirus -- in the US, 80% of deaths have been those aged 65 or older.

India has a relatively young population -- 44% of the population are 24 or younger, compared with 23% in Italy and 29% in China, according to data from the CIA World Factbook. But many Indians live in a three-generation household, meaning that there is significant contact between younger and older generations, said University of Cambridge mathematician Ronojoy Adhikari, who modeled India's outbreak.

"This makes the elderly in India particularly vulnerable, as they are far more likely to catch the infection from the second and third generations, on whom the infection will, statistically speaking, only have mild effects," he said.

Even if India does manage to avoid the worst of the virus this time around, there's plenty to be done. The government needs to be working to support the country's informal workforce, who are "underwriting the cost of the lockdown," as Saran puts it. The government needs to strengthen the public health system to prepare for a possible return and resurgence in the winter, said Reddy.

"This is not a one month challenge, this is going to be a 12-month challenge," said Saran. "I think this is a good 18-month examination of how we respond as people, communities, countries, states."

출처 :

CNN's Esha Mitra, Manveena Suri and Vedika Sud contributed to this story from New Delhi.

1. Question

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? “Overall, the widespread use of the internet has a mostly positive effect on life in today’s world.” Use reasons and details to support your opinion.

2. Sample Answer

Most people agree that modern technology affects society in many different ways. In my opinion, access to the Internet is enormously beneficial to both individuals and communities as a whole. I feel this way for two reasons, which I will explore in the following essay.

To begin with, online investigative reporting helps to expose political corruption and keep politicians honest. In the past, there were only a limited number of news outlets, which often had deep connections to powerful politicians. As a result, they were extremely hesitant to criticize them. These days, however, there are many independent publications on the Internet that are willing to expose political misbehavior. For example, an online magazine recently published a story revealing that the mayor of my hometown had taken bribes from a property developer. The report was so detailed and well-researched that the mayor had no choice but to resign. Although the evidence was not difficult to locate, only this independent website was willing to write about it. This example demonstrates how the Internet helps to strengthen democracy in the modern world.

Secondly, people are more motivated than ever to become politically active because they can freely exchange ideas online. In countries all over the globe, people use social networking services to share their ideas and opinions. While in the past people might have thought that they were alone in their beliefs, today they realize that others share their ideas. My own experience demonstrates this concept. When I was a university student, I learned that a municipal park near my apartment was going to be demolished to make room for a massive parking lot. This bothered me a lot because I enjoyed spending my free time in the park. At first I thought that there was nothing that I, as an individual, could do to stop this from happening. However, I later joined a Facebook group dedicated to opposing the plan. When the members of the group learned how many people in the city loved the park we were happy to get together and enthusiastically protest in front of city hall until our voices were heard. I am convinced that finding each other on that social networking platform gave us the courage to actively protect our park.

In conclusion, I strongly believe that the Internet has a positive effect on our lives. This is because online journalism strengthens our democracy, and because social networking sites encourage people to be get involved in local politics. (411 words)

1. Subject

Some companies block their employees from using social media networks and websites such as Facebook. Do you think managers should trust employees to use time wisely, or do you think it is smart of companies to block access to some sites? Provide reasons and examples to support your opinion. 

2. Sampel Opinion Essay

The average work day is seven to eight hours long. How much of this time is spent working? People who work on computers have many distractions due to the Internet. Some companies have been forced to restrict usage of certain sites, such as Facebook and Twitter due to concerns about productivity. It is a wise decision to remove these Internet temptations.

A boss is not a babysitter. Though some people only log onto Facebook or surf the Internet on their own time, other people cannot resist temptation. Having rules about Internet use is not enough. Some employees cannot stand to be stuck in their offices without social interaction. If they need a short break, they should be encouraged to stand up and stretch. Unlike chatting to friends on Facebook, this type of activity increases productivity. By blocking certain social sites from a system, the boss need not waste time monitoring those who cannot follow rules.

When time is wasted online it is the company that pays for the loss. Employees on salary still get paid no matter how productive they are. Those who waste time may not get raises or bonuses, but they still get a paycheque. It is only the employer that loses out when time is wasted online. Employers should not feel guilty about restricting Internet access. If surfing the Internet and sending out Tweets is not part of one's job description, these activities take away from true duties.

Some employees have lost their jobs because they wrote something online against their own company. It is too easy to press send, post, or publish these days. Preventing employees from using certain websites actually protects the employees as well.

There are many honest workers who can be trusted at work. They only check Facebook or Twitter during their break time or lunch, and they don't post any information that could damage the company's (or their own) reputation. Unfortunately, there are always a handful of workers who cannot be trusted. By eliminating the temptation, employers can prevent any problems related to Internet abuse in the workplace.

https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/22/business/negative-oil-prices-spike/index.html

■ 1교시

1교시는 용어에 대한 정의를 하는 것으로 이해하시면 좋을 듯 합니다.

따라서, 해당 용어에 대해 '서론-본론-결론' 식으로 답안을 작성해 나가는 것에 익숙해져야 할 것입니다. 

■ 2/3/4 교시
2~4교시는 출제자의 의도를 파악하는 것이 중요하며, 문제를 풀이하는 방식에 집중해야 할 것입니다. 

따라서, 해당 답안을 작성 시 '기-승-전-결' 식으로 답안을 작성해 나가는 것에 익숙해져야 할 것입니다. 

■ 서론-본론-결론 구성 내용 

다음은 '서론-본론-결론'에 포함되어져야 할 목차 부분이 될 것입니다. 

해당 내용들이 포함되어 표현될 수 있도록 답안을 작성하시는 것에 익숙해져야 할 것입니다.